寫作7分必備，純干貨筆記
來源：
小編： 353干貨引入
內(nèi)容大綱
Task Response 評(píng)分解讀
Logical Fallacies 常見邏輯錯(cuò)誤
Logical Argument 如何構(gòu)建一個(gè)有邏輯的論證
Task Response
/ 7分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) /
1. 回應(yīng)題干的每個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容
2. 展現(xiàn)清晰的個(gè)人立場(chǎng)
3. 提出、引申并論證主要觀點(diǎn)（但可能有過度概括，分支觀點(diǎn)不夠緊湊）
Logical Fallacies
/ 常見邏輯錯(cuò)誤 /
① 草率結(jié)尾：證據(jù)太少
After being New York for a week, I can tell you all New Yorkers are rude. →為什么來了紐約后發(fā)現(xiàn)紐約人是rude呢？
② 循環(huán)論證：重復(fù)論證
She is ignorant because she was never educated. →ignorant和never educated意思重復(fù)
③ 不當(dāng)結(jié)論：前后兩句話沒有邏輯聯(lián)系
My teacher is handsome, I will learn a lot from him. →handsome和learn a lot之間沒有關(guān)系
/ 論點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu) /
一般一篇論文論點(diǎn)需要三部分組成：
Premise 前提
Conclusion 結(jié)論
Inference 論證/推導(dǎo)過程
舉個(gè)栗子：
說起人口老齡化帶來的負(fù)面影響，同學(xué)們往往會(huì)如此推導(dǎo)
老年人比例上升=年輕人比例下降=社會(huì)勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)減少=經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑
但事實(shí)上，勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有直接關(guān)系
正確的推導(dǎo)思路應(yīng)是：
人口老齡化帶來的負(fù)面影響：老年人比例上升=年輕人比例下降=社會(huì)勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)減少=勞動(dòng)力供給減少=所發(fā)工資減少=所交稅收減少=經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑
Logical Argument
/ Deductive Arguments /
Deductive Arguments 即演繹式推論
結(jié)論往往跟在前提后，如果所有前提都為真，則結(jié)論一定為真
在這其中，最著名的就是三段論(Syllogisms)了
All B are C. All A are B. 推導(dǎo)出→ All A are C
e.g. All humans have hearts. All lawyers are human.
→(therefore) All lawyers have hearts.
All mammals are animals. All cats are mammals.
→(therefore) All cats are animals.
下面的例子告訴我們，如何利用上面這個(gè)邏輯來論證雅思作文~
/ 例題 /
Some people think that the best way to protect environment is to increase the price of the fuel of the cars are other vehicles. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
【disagree】
The rationale to increase the price 增加燃料價(jià)格的合理性
1. Using less private vehicles 減少私家車數(shù)量
The reduction of carbon dioxide emission (B) can protect the environment (C)
Using less private vehicles (A) can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (B)
→Therefore,
Using less private vehicles (A) can protect the environment (C)
Example answer:
Raising the price of fuel, government could deter people from using private vehicles. For example, if the price of petrol went up, people would start to take public transports instead of driving their cars, resulting in the reduction of carbon dioxide emission which is responsible for global warming and climate change.
??這里注意deter和prevent區(qū)別，deter-震懾、威脅，強(qiáng)調(diào)行為；prevent-阻止，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語
2. Reducing the exploitation on natural resources
人們需求減少=商家產(chǎn)量減少=自然資源開發(fā)減少=保護(hù)環(huán)境
